Wireless Security System Using PIR Sensors Project

This project demonstrates a wireless security system in which four pyroelectric infrared (PIR) motion sensors are placed in four sides—front, back, left and right—of the area to be covered. It detects motion from any side and turns on the audio-visual alarm. It also displays the side where the motion (intruder) is detected. All sensors send signal to the central controller circuit wirelessly. The author’s prototype arrangement is shown in Fig. 1.

 Fig. 1: Author’s prototype arrangement for Wireless security system

System block diagram

System block diagram of the wireless security system is shown in Fig. 2. The project uses PIR motion sensors to detect motion and ASK-based radio frequency (RF) transmitter and receiver modules to send signals wirelessly. It uses AT89S52 microcontroller (MCU) and LCD to display the side where the motion is detected.

 Fig. 2: Block diagram of wireless security system using PIR sensors

The block diagram has two parts: four transmitter units with PIR sensors, encoders and RF transmitters; and receiver unit with RF receiver, decoder, MCU and some audio-visual circuits.

Transmitter unit

There are four transmitter blocks, one each for front, back, left and right sides. Each block consists of a PIR sensor, RF encoder chip and RF transmitter (Tx) module.

PIR sensor

The PIR sensor detects motion by measuring any change in IR levels emitted by objects. Pyroelectric devices have elements made of a crystalline material, which generate an electric current when exposed to IR radiation. Changes in the amount of IR falling on such devices changes the voltages that are generated. Sensor output goes high when it detects motion. Sensor output is given to RF encoder chip.

RF Encoder

HT12E encoder chip encodes PIR sensor output into serial bit streams and gives it to RF Tx module.

RF transmitter

ASK transmitter modulates incoming digital signals from the RF encoder using a 434MHz carrier and transmits it through its antenna.

Receiver unit

This is the central controlling section that receives signals from any of the four PIR sensors at the transmitter side. It gives audio and visual alarms, and displays the side where the motion is detected on LCD1.

RF receiver

This module operates on 434MHz frequency and demodulates the received digital signals before sending bit streams to RF decoder chip.

RF decoder

HT12D RF decoder chip decodes bit streams and generates parallel 4-bit digital output, which is given to the MCU.

MCU

AT89S52 MCU performs the following tasks:

1. Detects side where motion is detected from RF decoder digital output

2. Displays various messages including side of detected motion on LCD1

3. Turns on speaker and blinks LED for audio-visual alarm when motion is detected

LCD panel

The 16×2 LCD panel displays messages given by the MCU.

Multivibrators

There are two multivibrators. One for blinking the LED at low frequency (1Hz – 2Hz), and the other for generating the audio frequency signal (1kHz) through the speaker for siren.

Circuit and working

There are five circuits. Of these, four transmitter circuits are similar to each other, with minor changes, as shown in Fig. 3. Fifth circuit, as shown in Fig. 4, is the receiver circuit.

Fig. 3: The four transmitter circuits

 Fig. 4: Circuit diagram of MCU-based central receiver circuit

Transmitter circuit

The first transmitter circuit is built around IC1. Output of PIR sensor PS1 is given to data input AD8 (pin 10) of HT12E (IC1) after inverting it through transistor T1. Diodes D1 and D2 connect transmission enable (TE) pin with pin AD8, so that both pins get input from the sensor at the same time.

LED1 is connected to collector output of T1, so that it blinks when PS1 sensor output goes high. Address pins A0 through A7 of IC1 are connected to ground to set address 00 (0000 0000b). Serial data output DOUT (pin 17) is given as data input to 434MHz RF Tx module (TX1). The whole circuit is given power through 6V battery (BATT.1) connected across CON1.

The other three circuits are shown in Fig. 3 are similar to the one described above. The only difference is that the diode is connected to different data pins.

When PIR sensor PS1 detects motion, its output goes high. T1 conducts and LED1 blinks.

Pins AD8 and TE of IC1 are pulled low together through diodes D1 and D2. When TE pin is pulled low, IC1 transmits address A0 through A7, and AD8 through AD11 serially through RF Tx module. Because pin AD8 is pulled low, data bits are transmitted as 1110 (AD11 through AD8). Similarly, in other such circuits, when motion is detected, the respective data pin is pulled low, so different data is transmitted, as listed in Table I.

Thus, when a sensor detects motion from its side, different bit pattern of D0 through D3 is transmitted. At receiver side, this pattern is used to identify the side where motion is detected.

Receiver unit

As shown in Fig. 4, the receiver is built using 434MHz RF Rx module (RX1), RF decoder chip HT12D (IC5), AT89S52 MCU (IC6) and NE555 multivibrators (IC7 and IC8).

Sourced By : EFY Author:  Ashutosh M. Bhatt

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Build Lie Detectors Circuits Project

LIE DETECTOR-1

This circuit detects the resistance between your fingers to provide an oscillation. The detection-points can detect resistances as high as 300k and because the resistance decreases, the frequency increases.

Separate the 2 bit pads and fasten them to the back of every hand. because the subject feels nervous, he can sweat and alter the frequency of the circuit.The photos show the circuit engineered on computer boards

with separate bit pads.

LIE DETECTOR-2

This circuit detects the resistance between your fingers to turn on the FALSE LED. The circuit sits with the TRUE LED illuminated. The 47k pot is adjusted to permit the LEDs to change state when touching the

probes. 

LIE DETECTOR-3

This circuit detects the resistance between your fingers to show the four LEDs. As you press tougher, more

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LIE DETECTOR-4

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Link

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Circuit diagram:

Room Noise Detector Circuit Diagram

Parts:

R1 = 10K
R2 = 22K
R3 = 22K
R4 = 100K
R5 = 56K
R6 = 5.6K
R7 = 560R
R8 = 2.2K
R9 = 56K
R10 = 56K
R11 = 1K
R12 = 33K
R13 = 330R

C1 = 100nF-63V
C2 = 10µF-25V
C3 = 470µF-25V
C4 = 47µF-25V
D1 = 5mm. Red LED
Q1 = BC327
B1 = 9V PP3 Battery

SW1 = 2 poles 4 ways rotary switch
IC1 = LM358 Low Power Dual Op-amp
MIC1 = Miniature electret microphone

Use:

• Place the small box containing the circuit in the room where you intend to measure ambient noise.
• The 50 dB setting is provided to monitor the noise in the bedroom at night. If the LED is steady on, or flashes bright often, then your bedroom is inadequate and too noisy for sleep.
• The 70 dB setting is for living-rooms. If this level is often exceeded during the day, your apartment is rather uncomfortable.
• If noise level is constantly over 85 dB, 8 hours a day, then you are living in a dangerous environment.

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AC Line Current Detector Circuit Diagram

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 Photo Detector with TTL Output Circuit Diagram

Parts List
R1 = 270 Ohm
R2-5 = 1K ohm
R3 = 10K ohm
R4 = 100 ohm
RV1 = 10K ohm
Q1 = BP103 Siemens Phototransistor
IC1 CA3130
C1-2 = 100V 100nF ceramic
IC2 = 74HCT13
D1 = 1N4148-2

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A larger capacitance makes the neon glow brighter. All this  for no money at all. The neon lights only when there is an efficient Earth present. This works  well at the author’s home, with Live or Neutral either way round. In the Elektor laboratory based in The Netherlands, some concerns  were expressed as described in the June 2011  issue [1], as the circuit was sensitive to the relative positions of the Live and Neutral. So the  Earth fault detector can also be used as a Phase  detector, but probably in Belgium only.

.
The whole thing can easily be incorporated into a power socket; the author used a small transparent cover to protect the neon.

Note. As opposed to the UK and the US, some AC  power outlets in Belgium  and all in The  Netherlands are not polarized, i.e. AC power plugs (both earthed  and non-earthed) can be inserted either way around.

Author : Marc Mertz – Copyright : Elektor

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 Water level Sensor and Controller Circuit Diagram

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Latching Continuity Checker Circuit Diagram

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 Liquid Level Monitor Circuit Diagram

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 Simple Signal Tracer Signal Circuit Diagram

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The circuit uses positive ground. It offers an advantage at the earphone output because one side of the earphone must be connected to ground via the case. Use of a positive ground allows the phone to be driven by the two N-channel transistors inside the CD4001 which are arranged in parallel and are thus able to handle more current for better volume.

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 Electronic Thermometer Circuit Diagram

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 Digital Short Finder Circuit Diagram

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 Simple Line Current Detector Circuit Diagram

The H ll A Al allows line currents of either polarity to be sensed without discrimination and will ignore noise up to approximately 2.5 mA. In applications where greater noise immunity or polarity- sensitive line-current detection is required, the HllAlO threshold coupler can be used. This phototransistor coupler is specified to provide a minimum 10% current transfer ratio at a defined input current, while leaking less than 50 p.A at half that input current over the full -55°C to + 100°C temperature range. The input current range, at which the coupler is on, is programmable by a single resistor from 5 to 10 mA.

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